Effect of 3-week progressive overloading and 1-week tapering on performance, internal training load, stress tolerance and heart rate variability in under-19 Brazilian badminton players / Efecto de la sobrecarga progresiva de 3 semanas y la reducción gradual de 1 semana sobre el rendimiento, la carga de entrenamiento interno, la tolerancia al estrés y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en jugadores brasileños de Bádminton menores de 19 años

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of 3-week progressive overloading and 1-week tapering during a preseason on performance, internal training load, stress tolerance, and heart rate variability in under-19 Brazilian badminton players. Material and method: Eight male under-19 badminton players (age 16.1 ± 0.6 years; height 1.68 ± 7.7 m; body mass 57.2 ± 5.8 kg; body mass index 20.3 ± 2.5 kg∙m-2; body fat 8.0 ± 2.7 %), competing at the state level had physical and physiological monitored over four weeks during pre-season. Players underwent a badminton-specific movement agility test, 5-m multiple shuttle test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1, and performed vertical jumps before and after the pre-season. During the training, the heart rate variability and internal training load were monitored daily, and weekly were stress tolerance was recorded by psychometric responses. Results: The players showed significant improvements in all performance variables assessed after the training period. The internal training load during overloading was higher (1635 ± 109.9; 2490 ± 124; 2850 ± 210 AU) compared to tapering (1335 ± 100 AU). The stress tolerance decreased during overloading (4.0 ± 0.7; 8.2 ± 1.3; 10.1 ± 1.4) and increased during tapering (5.5 ± 1.5). In addition, higher internal training load during overloading resulted in a greater reduction in root-mean-square difference of successive R-R intervals (lnRMSSDmean) (4.2 ± 0.2; 4.1 ± 0.1; 4.0 ± 0.1 ms) and a smaller coefficient of variation (lnRMSSDcv) (4.5 ± 2.6; 2.1 ± 1.2; 1.4 ± 0.9 %), and the significant reduction in the internal training load during tapering led to a decrease in lnRMSSDmean (1.3 ± 0.5 ms).(AU)

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de la sobrecarga progresiva de 3 semanas y la reducción gradual de 1 semana durante una pretemporada sobre el rendimiento, la carga de entrenamiento interno, la tolerancia al estrés y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en jugadores de bádminton brasileños menores de 19 años. Material y método: Ocho jugadores masculinos de bádminton sub-19 (edad 16,1 ± 0,6 años; altura 1,68 ± 7,7 m; masa corporal 57,2 ± 5,8 kg; índice de masa corporal 20,3 ± 2,5 kg∙m-2; grasa corporal 8,0 ± 2,7 %), que competían a nivel estatal fueron monitoreados en sus aspectos físicos y fisiológicos durante cuatro semanas en la pretemporada. Los jugadores realizaron un test de agilidad específico de bádminton, el test 5-m multiple shuttle test, el test Yo-Yo y realizaron saltos verticales antes y después de la pretemporada. Durante el entrenamiento, se monitoreó diariamente la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y la carga interna de entrenamiento. Además, semanalmente se registró la tolerancia al estrés mediante respuestas psicométricas. Resultados: Los jugadores mostraron mejoras significativas en todas las variables de rendimiento evaluadas después del período de entrenamiento. La carga de entrenamiento interna durante la sobrecarga fue más grande (1.635 ± 109,9; 2.490 ± 124; 2.850 ± 210 AU) en comparación con la última semana de cargas reducidas (1.335 ± 100 AU). La tolerancia al estrés disminuyó durante la sobrecarga (4,0 ± 0,7; 8,2 ± 1,3; 10,1 ± 1,4) y aumentó durante la última semana (5,5 ± 1,5). Además, las altas cargas del entrenamiento interno durante la sobrecarga resultaron en una gran reducción en la diferencia de la raíz cuadrada media de intervalos R-R sucesivos (lnRMSSDmean) (4,2 ± 0,2; 4,1 ± 0,1; 4,0 ± 0,1 ms) y un coeficiente de variación más pequeño (lnRMSSDcv) (4,5 ± 2,6; 2,1 ± 1,2; 1,4 ± 0,9 %), y la reducción significativa en la carga de entrenamiento interno durante la última semana(AU)

Novel track field test to determine Vpeak, relationship with treadmill test and 10-km running performance in trained endurance runners.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the peak running velocity on the track field (Vpeak_TF) based on the laboratory treadmill test (Vpeak_T), and relate the Vpeak values as well as their correlation with the 10-km running performance in trained endurance runners. METHOD: Twenty male trained endurance runners (age: 29.5 ± 5.3 years; V̇O2max: 67.5±17.6 ml · kg-1·min-1) performed three maximum incremental tests to determine the Vpeak: one for Vpeak_T determination and two to obtain Vpeak_TF on the official track field (400 m), and a 10-km running performance. During the incremental tests, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal rating of perceived exertion (RPEmax), and peak lactate concentration (LApeak) were determined. RESULTS: The results showed significant difference between the Vpeak_TF and Vpeak_T (18.1 ± 1.2 vs. 19.2 ± 1.5 km·h-1, respectively), as well as the total time of the tests, the distance traveled and the RPEmax determined during the tests. A high correlation was observed between the Vpeak values (r = 0.94), and between Vpeak_TF and Vpeak_T with 10-km running performance (r = -0.95 vs. r = -0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The good agreement and association with Vpeak_T and high correlation with 10-km running performance demonstrate that the novel track field test is efficient for Vpeak_TF determination.

Time limit at peak speed without prior warm-up: Effects on test duration, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion / Tiempo límite en la velocidad máxima sin calentamiento previo: efectos sobre la duración de la prueba, frecuencia cardíaca y grado de esfuerzo percibido

Background: Time limit (tlim) at peak speed (Vpeak), that is maximal time that an individual can keep running at maximal intensity, is used to prescribe interval durations during interval training. The aim of this study was to compare two protocols (without or with 15 minutes of warm-up) for the tlim determination at 100% of Vpeak in untrained men. Material and method: Twelve untrained young men performed three running tests on a treadmill: one maximal incremental test to determine Vpeak and two rectangular tests, performed in randomized order, without a warm-up (tlim0) or with a 15-minute warm-up duration (tlim15) at 60% of Vpeak to determine the tlim at 100% of Vpeak, after the warm-up the tests were performed at the speed of the individual Vpeak until volitional exhaustion. During the tests, heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored and blood lactate sampling was collected prior to session (LApre); immediately post-exercise (LA0-min); 3 min (LA3-min), 5 min (LA5-min) and 7 min (LA7-min) post-exercise to determine lactate concentrations. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used and confirmed the normality of the data distribution, with maximal and submaximal values compared using Student ́s t test for dependent samples. Results: Test duration at tlim0 was significant higher than that at tlim15 (P = 0.02). Additionally, different tlim protocols influenced HR and RPE submaximal responses and did not modify lactate concentrations or maximal variables (HRmax and RPEmax). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the determination of tlim at 100% of Vpeak without a prior warm-up led to a higher test duration in untrained men

Objetivos: Tiempo límite (tlim) en la velocidad máxima (Vpico), que es el tiempo máximo que un individuo puede permanecer corriendo en la intensidade máxima, se utiliza para prescribir la duración de los intervalos durante el entrenamiento interválico. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar dos protocolos (sin o con 15 minutos de calentamiento) para la determinación de tlim al 100% de la Vpico en hombres no entrenados. Material y método: Doce jóvenes no entrenados realizaron tres pruebas de carrera en la cinta rodante: una prueba incremental máxima para determinar Vpico y dos pruebas rectangulares, realizadas en orden aleatorio, sin calentamiento (tlim0) o con una duración de calentamiento de 15 minutos (tlim15) al 60% de la Vpico para determinar el tlim al 100% de la Vpico; después del calentamiento las pruebas fueron realizadas en la velocidad de la Vpico individual hasta el agotamiento voluntario. Durante las pruebas, la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y el grado de esfuerzo percibido (RPE) fueron monitorizadas y se tomaron muestras de sangre antes de la sesión (LApre); inmediatamente después del ejercicio (LA0-min); 3 min (LA3-min), 5 min (LA5-min) y 7 min (LA7-min) después del ejercicio para determinar las concentraciones de lactato. Se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro Wilk y se confirmó la normalidad de la distribución de los datos, con los valores máximos y submáximos comparados utilizando la prueba t de Student para muestras dependientes. Resultados: La duración de la prueba en el tlim0 fue significativamente mayor que aquella en el tlim15 (P = 0.02). Además, los diferentes protocolos de tlim influenciaron las respuestas submáximas de FC y RPE y no modificaron las concentraciones de lactato o las variables máximas (FCmax y RPEmax). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la determinación del tlim en la 100% de la Vpico sin calentamiento prévio lleva a una mayor duración de la prueba em hombres no entrenados

Effect of prior warm-up duration on the time limit at peak speed in untrained men.

BACKGROUND: The peak speed (Vpeak) and its time limit (tlim) are variables used to prescribe training loads and the intervals durations during interval training, respectively. The aim of this study was to test different warm-up durations (5, 10 and 15 minutes), adapted from the protocol proposed by Billat et al.,1 to determine tlim in untrained men. METHODS: Fifteen untrained men were submitted to the following laboratory evaluations: 1) an incremental running exercise test on a treadmill starting with a speed of 8 km/h, after a warm-up of walking at 6 km/h for three minutes, and increased by 1 km/h between each successive 3-minute stage until volitional exhaustion to determine Vpeak; 2) three rectangular tests, performed in randomized order, with warm-up durations of 5, 10, and 15 minutes at 60% of Vpeak to determine the tlim5, tlim10, and tlim15; after the warm-up the tests were performed at the speed of the individual Vpeak until volitional exhaustion. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that the duration of the warm-up affected the test duration (tlim). Significant differences were observed between tlim5 and tlim15, and between tlim10 and tlim15. However, tlim15 and tlim10 did not differ. Additionally, duration of the warm-up did not influence other variables (HRmax, RPEmax and post lactate concentrations). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, it was concluded that the duration of the warm-up in tlim tests modifies the test duration in untrained men.

Effects of ceramic garments on 10-km running performance

Aims: The use of electromagnetic waves by phototherapy to skeletal muscle presents potential ergogenic effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of using bioceramic clothes on performance, heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a 10 km race. Our hypothesis is that the use of such clothes modifies these variables. Methods: Participants were 10 runners (27.9 ± 4.2 years) who performed two 10 km performances on track under different intervention conditions: bioceramic garments (CER) and placebo garments (PLA). The mean velocity (MV), HR and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored at each trial. Additionally, partial MV was calculated in three phases: (1) start (first 400 m), (2) middle (400-9600 m) and (3) end (last 400 m). Results: MV in CER condition was significantly higher than in PLA condition (11.8 ± 1.0 km·h-1 vs 11.4 ± 1.2 km·h-1; F = 6.200; P = 0.034; ŋp² = 0.408). HR and RPE values in CER condition were not different from PLA condition. Conclusions Our main finding was that the use of bioceramic clothes (CER) increased MV when compared to the PLA condition. Based on these results, bioceramic may be used as an ergogenic resource to increase performance.(AU)

Incremental test design, peak 'aerobic' running speed and endurance performance in runners.

OBJECTIVES: Peak running speed obtained during an incremental treadmill test (Vpeak) is a good predictor of endurance run performance. However, the best-designed protocol for Vpeak determination and the best Vpeak definition remain unknown. Therefore, this study examined the influence of stage duration and Vpeak definition on the relationship between Vpeak and endurance run performance. DESIGN: Relationship. METHODS: Twenty-seven male, recreational, endurance-trained runners (10-km running pace: 10-17 k mh(-1)) performed, in counterbalanced order, three continuous incremental treadmill tests of different stage durations (1-, 2-, or 3-min) to determine Vpeak, and two 5-km and two 10-km time trials on a 400-m track to obtain their 5-km and 10-km run performances. Vpeak was defined as either (a) the highest speed that could be maintained for a complete minute (Vpeak-60 s), (b) the speed of the last complete stage (Vpeak-C), or (c) the speed of the last complete stage added to the multiplication of the speed increment by the completed fraction of the incomplete stage (Vpeak-P). RESULTS: The Vpeak determined during the 3-min stage duration protocol was the most highly correlated with both the 5-km (r=0.95) and 10-km (r=0.92) running performances and these relationships were minimally influenced by the Vpeak definition. However, independent of the stage duration, the Vpeak-P provided the highest correlation with both running performances. CONCLUSIONS: Incremental treadmill tests comprising 3-min stage duration is preferred to 1-min and 2-min stage duration protocols in order to determine Vpeak to accurately predict 5-km and 10-km running performances. Further, Vpeak-P should be used as standard for the determination of Vpeak.

Effect of stage duration on maximal heart rate and post-exercise blood lactate concentration during incremental treadmill tests.

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the responses during maximal incremental treadmill tests of 1-min, 2-min, and 3-min stage durations mainly in terms of maximal heart rate (HRmax) and peak blood lactate concentration (LApeak). DESIGN: Repeated-measures. METHODS: Thirty-four male, recreational, endurance-trained runners (40±13 years) performed three tests on a motorized treadmill. The tests started at 8kmh(-1) with increments of 1kmh(-1) every 1min for the short-stage protocol, every 2min for the intermediate-stage protocol, and every 3min for the long-stage protocol. LApeak was defined for each subject as the highest value among the lactate concentrations determined at the end of each test and at the third, fifth and seventh minutes after test, during passive recovery. RESULTS: Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of the stage duration on the HRmax (p=0.003) and LApeak (p=0.001). The HRmax was higher in the intermediate-stage compared to the short-stage protocol (184.8±12.7 vs. 181.8±12.1beatsmin(-1), p<0.001), but no significant differences were found between the long-stage (183.1±12.1beatsmin(-1)) and the intermediate-stage or short-stage protocols (p>0.05). The LApeak was lower in the long-stage compared to the short-stage and intermediate-stage protocols (7.9±2.2 vs. 9.4±2.2 and 9.2±1.9mmolL(-1), respectively, p<0.05). Further, blood lactate reached peak concentration at the fifth minute after test for all the protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, HRmax and LApeak depend on the stage duration of the incremental test, but the moment at which blood lactate reaches peak concentration is independent of the duration. Further, we suggest 2-min stage duration protocols to determine HRmax.